• Assistant Professor 
• Junior Research Fellow (JRF)

Paper 2: Commerce Subject

Paper 2: 200 marks

Factors affecting teaching: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment, and Institution.

Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning.

Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern, and ICT-based.

Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of Evaluation, Evaluation in Choice-Based Credit System

Steps of Research.  Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.  Application of ICT in research.  Research ethics

Barriers to effective communication.  Mass-Media and Society.

Number series, Letter series, Codes, and Relationships.

Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and

Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Average

Analogies.  

Venn diagram: Simple and multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments.  Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.  Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication), and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).  Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

Environmental issues: Local, Regional, and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.  Impacts of pollutants on human health.  

Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear, and Forests.  Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies.  Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.

Oriental, Conventional, and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.  Professional, Technical, and Skill-based education.  Value education and environmental education.  Policies, Governance, and Administration.

Epigraphy and Numismatics. Dating of Archaeological Sites. Literary Sources:

Indigenous Literature: Primary and Secondary: problem of dating Religious and

Secular Literature, Myths, Legends, etc. Foreign Accounts: Greek, Chinese, and

Arabic.

Pastoralism and Food Production: Neolithic and Chalcolithic Phase: Settlement,

distribution, tools, and patterns of exchange.

Indus/Harappa Civilization: Origin, extent, major sites, settlement pattern, craft

specialization, religion, society, and polity, Decline of Indus Civilization, Internal

and external trade, the First urbanization in India.

Vedic and later Vedic periods; Aryan debates, Political and Social Institutions,

State Structure and Theories of State; Emergence of Varnas and Social

Stratification, Religious and Philosophical Ideas. Introduction of Iron Technology,

Megaliths of South India.

Expansion of the State system: Mahajanapadas, Monarchical and Republican States,

Economic and Social Developments and Emergence of Second Urbanization in the sixth

century BCE; 

Emergence of heterodox sects- Jainism, Buddhism, and Ajivikas

Dissolution of Empire and Emergence of Regional Powers: Indo-Greeks, Sungas, Satavahanas, Kushanas and Saka-Ksatrapas, Sangam literature, polity and society in South India as reflected in Sangam literature. Trade and commerce from 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE, Trade with the Roman World, 

Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism, Kharavela and Jainism, Post-Mauryan art and Architecture. Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools. Gupta Vakataka age: Polity and Society, Agrarian Economy, Land Grants, Land Revenue and Land Rights, Gupta Coins, Beginning of Temple Architecture, Emergence of Puranic Hinduism, Development of Sanskrit Language and Literature. 

Developments in Science, Technology, Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine. Harsha and his Times: Administration and Religion. Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa. 

Kingdoms in Western India: Maitrakas of Vallabhi and Chalukyas of Gujarat. Kingdoms in North India: Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas and Paramaras. Characteristics of Early Medieval India: Administration and Political Structure Legitimation of Kingship. Agrarian economy: land grants, changing production relations; graded land rights and peasantry, water resources, taxation system, coins, and currency system; 

Trade and urbanization: patterns of trade, and urban settlements, ports and trade routes, merchandise and exchange, trade guilds; trade and colonization in Southeast Asia. Growth of Brahminical religions: Vaisnavism and Saivism; Temples; Patronage and Regional Ramification; 

Temple Architecture and Regional Styles. Dana, Tirtha, and Bhakti, Tamil Bhakti movement – Shankara, Madhava, and Ramanujacharya. 

Society: Varna, Jati and Proliferation of Castes, Position of women; Gender, marriage and property relations; Women in public life. Tribes as peasants and their place in the Varna order. Untouchability. 

Education and Educational Institutions: Agraharas, Mathas, and Mahaviharas as Centres of Education. Growth of Regional Languages. -4- Debates of state formation in early medieval India: A) Feudal model; B) Segmentary model; C) Integrative model.

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Arab contracts: Suleiman Ghaznavid conquests. Alberuni’s Accounts. 

Decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Foundation of the Mughal Empire – Babur, Humayun and the Suris; Expansion and Consolidation from Akbar to Aurangzeb. Decline of the Mughal Empire. Later Mughals and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire. The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis – Deccan Sultanate; 

Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar, Berar and Ahmadnagar – Rise, Expansion and Disintegration; Eastern Gangas and Suryavamshi Gajapatis. Rise of the Marathas & the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji; its expansion under the Peshwas; Mughal–Maratha relations, Maratha Confederacy, Causes of Decline. 

Administrative System in the Deccan – The Vijayanagara State & Polity, Bahamani Administrative System; Maratha Administration – Asta Pradhan. Frontier Policies under Delhi Sultanate and Mughals. Inter-State Relations during the Sultanate and the Mughals. Agricultural Production and Irrigation System, Village Economy, Peasantry, Grants and Agricultural Loans, Urbanization and Demographic Structure. Industries – Cotton Textiles, Handicrafts, Agro-Based industries, Organisation, Factories & Technology.

Trade and Commerce – State Policies, Internal and External Trade: European Trade, Trade Centres and Ports, Transport and Communication. Hundi (Bills of Exchange) and Insurance, State Income and Expenditure, Currency, Mint System; Famines and Peasant Revolts. 

Social Classification: Ruling Class, Major Religious Groups, the Ulemas, the Mercantile and Professional Classes – Rajput Society. Rural society – Petty Chieftains, Village Officials, Cultivators and Non-Cultivating Classes, Artisans. Position of Women – Zanana System – Devadasi System. Development of Education, Centres of Education and Curriculum, Madarasa Education. Fine Arts – Major Schools of Painting – Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari, Garhwali; Development of Music. 

Art and Architecture, Indo-Islamic Architecture, Mughal Architecture, Regional Styles. Indo-Arabic Architecture, Mughal Gardens, Maratha Forts, Shrines and Temples.

Revolt of 1857, Causes, Nature and Impact.

Administration of the Company and the Crown; Evolution of Central and Provincial Structure under East India Company. Paramountcy, Civil Service, Judiciary, Police, and the Army under the Company; British Policy and Paramountcy in the Princely States under the Crown. Local Self-Government. Constitutional Changes, 1909 – 1935.

Monetary Policy, Banking, Currency and Exchange, Railways and Road Transport, Communications – Post & Telegraph. Growth of New Urban Centres; New Features of Town Planning and Architecture, Urban Society and Urban Problems. Famines, Epidemics, and the Government Policy. Tribal and Peasant Movements. Indian Society in Transition: Contact with Christianity – the Missions and Missionaries; Critique of Indian Social and Economic Practices and Religious Beliefs; 

Educational and Other Activities. The New Education – Government Policy; Levels and Contents; English Language; Development of Science, Technology, Public Health & Medicine – Towards Modernism. Indian Renaissance – Socio-Religious Reforms; Emergence of Middle Class; Caste Associations and Caste Mobility. -7- Women’s Question – Nationalist Discourse; Women’s Organisations; British Legislation concerning Women, Gender Identity & Constitutional Position. 

The Printing Press – Journalistic Activity and the Public Opinion. Modernisation of Indian Languages and Literary Forms – Reorientation in Painting, Music and Performing Arts.

Communal Politics: Muslim League and Genesis of Pakistan. Towards Independence and Partition. India after Independence: Challenges of Partition; Integration of the Indian Princely States; Kashmir, Hyderabad & Junagarh. B.R. Ambedkar – The Making of the Indian Constitution, its Features. The Structure of Bureaucracy. New Education Policy. Economic Policies and the Planning Process: Development, Displacement and Tribal Issues. Linguistic Reorganisation of States; Centre-State Relations. 

Foreign Policy Initiatives – Panchsheel; Dynamics of Indian Politics-Emergency; Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation of Indian Economy.

Trends of Indian History Research Methodology Hypothesis in History Area of Proposed Research Sources – Data Collection, Primary / Secondary, Original and Transit Sources Trends in Historical Research Recent Indian Historiography Selection of Topic in History Notes Taking, References, Footnotes and Bibliography Thesis and Assignment Writing Plagiarism, Intellectual Dishonesty and History Writing Beginnings of Historical Writings – Greek, Roman and Church Historiography Renaissance and its Impact on History Writing

Negative and Positive Schools of Historical Writing, Berlin Revolution in History Writing – Von Ranke, Marxist Philosophy of History – Scientific Materialism, Cyclical Theory of History – Oswald Spengler, Challenge and Response Theory – Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Post Modernism in History

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